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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Duchy of Naples
Angevin Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Naples (Aragon)
Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Naples (France)
Kingdom of Naples (Spain)
Kingdom of Naples (Austria)
Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)
Establishment
January 764: The formation of the Duchy of Naples was a gradual process, leading to an ever-increasing importance of the dux, who in 638 finally became the highest civil and military authority. In 763, Duke Stefano II of Naples minted local coins, with the effigy of the patron saint and his own monogram. According to some historians, the autonomy of the duchy dates back to then, but it continued to be part, at least nominally, of the Byzantine Empire.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
The Magyars (or Hungarians) successfully conquered the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) by the end of the ninth century, and launched a number of plundering raids thoughout Europe.
January 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922.
February 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922. The territories were left after the raid.
January 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento.
February 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento. After the raid, the Hungarians left these territories.
January 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south.
February 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south. After the ride they left these territories.
January 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
February 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
Were a series of wars between the Byzantines and the Normans in southern italy and the Balkan Peninsula.
2.1.Norman conquest of southern Italy
Were a series of military campaigns by Norman forces that slowly conquered southern Italy from the Bizyntine Empire and from local Lombard rulers.
2.1.1.Norman Conquest of Naples
The Duchy of Naples is conquered by the Normans.
October 1137: On 30 October 1137, the last Duke of Naples died in the king's service at the Battle of Rignano. The defeat at Rignano enabled the Norman conquest of Naples, since Sergius died without heir and the Neapolitan nobility could not reach a succession agreement.
Was a rebellion on the island of Sicily that broke out at Easter 1282 against the rule of the French-born king Charles I of Anjou, leading to the expulsion fo his troops from the island.
3.1.Peace of Caltabellotta
Was a peace that divided the old Kingdom of Sicily into an island portion and a peninsular portion: Charles II was confirmed as king of Sicily's peninsular territories (southern Italy), while Frederick III was confirmed as king of the island territories (Sicily proper).
August 1302: Peace of Caltabellotta.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Hungary, led by Louis the Great, and the Kingdom of Naples.
4.1.Hungarian Invasion of Naples
Was the Hungarian Invasion of the Kingdom of Naples led by king Louis the Great.
November 1347: In 1347, Louis I of Hungary crossed the Neapolitan border without resistance, seizing control of the Kingdom of Naples border region. This military occupation was part of Louis I's expansionist policies in Italy.
January 1348: In 1348, during the Battle of Capua, Hungarian King Louis I defeated the army of Louis of Taranto, who was the claimant to the throne of Naples. This victory led to the military occupation of Capua by Hungary.
February 1348: All the barons of the Kingdom of Naples swore loyalty to the new Hungarian ruler as he marched to Naples from Benevento.
4.2.Hungarian Expulsion of Naples
Was the expulsion of the Hungarian forces from Naples.
January 1349: Having established his control over the Kingdom of Naples without too much difficulty, Louis of Hungary was suddenly forced into retreat by the arrival of the black plague
Expansion during the rule of Charles I Tocco in the County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos.
January 1401: Territorial evolution of the County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos.
January 1408: In 1407-1408, Leonardo III Tocco, the ruler of the County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, seized and plundered the fortress of Glarentza in the northwestern Morea.
Byzantine reconquest of the Egean Islands.
January 1404: Byzantine reconquest of the Egean Islands.
Were the military campaigns of Ladislaus I of Hungary during his reign.
January 1409: In 1408 Ladislaus of Hungary besieged Rome. In short, the city was forced to surrender to the sovereign, as other important strongholds such as Perugia would later fall. Before long, the king of Naples had effectively extended his control as far as Umbria.
January 1409: Ladislaus of Naples expanded the northern border of the Kingdom of Naples up to the Talamone fortress on the Tyrrhenian Sea, where the State of Presidi would later develop.
January 1411: The weak Neapolitan garrisons left to defend Rome were unable to repel the attack of the allied forces of Florence and Siena and the city was handed over to them in early 1410, followed by other castles in the area including Tivoli.
July 1412: In June 1412 the pope gave up supporting Louis of Anjou and invested Ladislaus with the Kingdom of Naples. Ladislaus left the territories occupied by his troops in the Papal States.
July 1413: In June 1413, King Ladislaus of Naples led his army, commanded by Lucanian mercenary captain Angelo Tartaglia, to sack Rome. The city fell almost effortlessly to the Angevin Kingdom of Naples.
November 1413: With a certain ease, King Ladislaus I took possession of the entire State of the Church.
August 1414: Struck by an illness, King Ladislaus I left Rome and returned to Naples, where he died on August 6, 1414 at the age of just 38.
Was a war between the Signoria (Lordship) of Ferrara and an alliance of Italian states that included The Republic of Venice and the Papal States.
August 1482: The duke of Calabria Alfonso, who was the son of King Ferdinand I of Naples, invaded the Papal State in 1482 in order to reach Ferrara.
August 1482: Battle of Campomorto.
June 1484: In May 1484, the Venetian fleet conquered the city of Gallipoli in Puglia in the Kingdom of Naples.
Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
9.1.Italian War of 1499-1504
Was the second of the so-called Italian Wars. The first phase of the war was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples.
9.1.1.French conquest of Naples
Was a military campaign by French king Charles VIII against the Kingdom of Naples.
February 1495: Kingdom of Naples conquered by france.
July 1501: On July 19, Cesare Borgia flanked by the French army besieged Capua which, after 7 days was conquered thanks to betrayal: a citizen of Capua, corrupted by Cesare, opened the city gates.
August 1501: On 19 August the French entered Naples.
9.1.2.Spanish conquest of Naples
The Kingdom of Naples was occupied by Spanish forces.
May 1503: Soon disagreements arose among the occupiers on the methods of partition. Ferdinand's insistence on being recognized as king of both Naples and Sicily immediately led to a war between France and Spain. Defeated at Cerignola and Garigliano by the Spaniards commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Luigi was forced to abandon Naples and retreat to Lombardy. Naples was occupied by the Spanish on May 16, 1503.
9.2.Italian War of 1494-1498
Was the first of the so-called Italian Wars. The war pitted Charles VIII of France, initially aided by Milan, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI, known as the League of Venice.
9.2.1.Expulsion of the French from Italy (1495)
Was the expulsion of the invading French army from the italian peninsula during the Italian War of 1494-1495.
May 1495: Crowned king of Naples, Charles VIII of France stayed there until May when the people and the Neapolitan armies, to the cry of iron! iron!, reinvigorated again under the Aragonese insignia of the young king Ferrandino, managed to drive the French out of the Kingdom.
9.3.War of the League of Cambrai
Was one of the so-called Italian wars.
9.3.1.First Phase - The league of Cambrai
Was the first phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
9.3.1.1.French invasion of Venice (War of the League of Cambrai)
Was a French invasion of the Republic of Venice during the War of the League of Cambrai.
January 1510: In the south of the Italian peninsula, Ferdinand II of Aragon reconquered the ports of Puglia.
9.4.War of the League of Cognac
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V —primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain— and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.
January 1530: The remaining Venetian possessions in Apulia went to Charles of Naples.
9.4.1.French Invasion of Naples (War of the League of Cognac)
Was the French invasion of Naples during the War of the League of Cognac.
May 1528: Siege of Naples.
August 1528: An epidemic in Naples in 1528 led to the retreat of the French army from the region.
9.5.Italian War of 1536-1538
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan.
July 1537: Ottoman troops were landed in Otranto from their encampment in Valona.
August 1537: The Ottomans leave Otranto.
9.6.Italian War of 1551-1559
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
9.6.1.Mediterranean campaigns
Was a French and Ottoman naval campaign during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
January 1553: In 1552, when Henry II attacked Charles V, the Ottomans sent 100 galleys to the Western Mediterranean, which were accompanied by three French galleys under Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon in their raids along the coast of Calabria in Southern Italy, capturing the city of Reggio.
February 1553: In 1552, when Henry II attacked Charles V, the Ottomans sent 100 galleys to the Western Mediterranean, which were accompanied by three French galleys under Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon in their raids along the coast of Calabria in Southern Italy, capturing the city of Reggio.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
10.1.Italian Theatre (War of Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Italy.
September 1707: Gaeta fell to the imperials after a siege.
January 1708: Imperial troops seized the Spanish Bourbon Kingdom of Naples.
10.2.Treaty of Rastatt
Was a peace treaty between France and Austria that was concluded on 7 March 1714 in the Baden city of Rastatt to end the War of the Spanish Succession between both countries.
March 1714: At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, Austria was awarded the Spanish territories in Italy, including Naples, Milan, Sardinia, as well as the Southern Netherlands.
Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.
11.1.Spanish invasion of Southern Italy
Was the French invasion of southern Italy during the War of the Polish Succession.
May 1734: After the battle of bitonto most of the kingdom of naples was de facto acquired by spain.
May 1734: The fortress of Bari also surrendered to the besieging army under Montemar on May 26th.
August 1734: Gaeta is besieged by the Kingdom of Naples.
August 1734: At the end of August 1734 Neapolitan troops under Montemar landed in Sicily. The capital, Palermo, quickly opened its gates.
October 1734: The citadel of Messina is conquered by Neapolitan forces.
October 1734: Syracuse resisted longer but was conquered by Neapolitan forces.
October 1734: Trapani conquered by naples.
November 1734: Capua is besieged by the Kingdom of Sicily (Kingdom of Naples).
November 1734: Capua is besieged by the State of the Presidi (Naples).
November 1734: Capua is besieged by the Kingdom of Naples.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
April 1798: After the occupation of Rome by French troops on February 10, 1798, Benevento found itself politically isolated, so Ferdinand IV of Bourbon decided to occupy it.
January 1799: The Parthenopean Republic emerged during the French Revolutionary Wars after King Ferdinand IV of Naples fled before advancing French troops.
April 1802: On 9 April 1802, Benevento officially returned to the possession of the Holy See.
12.1.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
January 1799: In 1799, Napoleon conquered Naples, forcing King Ferdinand and the court to flee to Sicily, where Ferdinand established a separate state on the island.
June 1799: The Parthenopean Republic collapsed when Ferdinand IV of Naples returned with the help of the British to restore his monarchial authority.
June 1799: The Parthenopean Republic existed from 21 January to 13 June 1799, collapsing when Ferdinand returned to restore monarchial authority. Sicily reverted to a dependency of Naples.
March 1801: By the Treaty of Florence of 28 March 1801, the king of Naples ceded the Presidi to the French Republic, which then ceded them to the new Kingdom of Etruria.
12.2.War of the Third Coalition
Was a European conflict spanning the years 1805 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war.
12.2.1.French invasion of Naples
In 1806 the French army invaded the Kingdom of Naples, which was soon conquered. The Bourbon King of Naples, Ferdinand IV fled to Sicily.
February 1806: On 9 February 1806, Masséna invaded the Kingdom of Naples and two days later, the Bourbon king of Naples, Ferdinand IV also fled to Sicily, protected by the British fleet. Naples soon fell into French hands and by the end of February, only two places in the kingdom still held out.
March 1806: French force and the Royal Neapolitan Army was soundly defeated at the Battle of Campo Tenese on 10 March 1806. A day after Campo Tenese, Joseph was installed as the new King of Naples.
March 1806: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples (formally the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) was a state founded by Napoleon Bonaparte in December 1805, when French troops occupied the Bourbon Kingdom of Naples.
July 1806: Gaeta surrendered, concluding the invasion with a decisive French victory.
12.3.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
March 1814: With the occupation of Benevento by Murat, the prince of Talleyrand was removed (February 1814), and the principality became extinct.
12.4.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
June 1815: In 1815, the Congress of Vienna returned the principalities of Pontecorvo and Benevento to the Holy See.
12.5.War of the Seventh Coalition (The Hundred Days)
Napoleon escaped the exile he had been forced after the War of the Sixth Coalition and reorganized the French army. He was defeated by a coalition that included Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia and sent into permanent exile on the island of Saint Helena.
12.5.1.Neapolitan War
Was a conflict between the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire during the War of the Seventh Coalition. Naples, which was still ruled by the Napoleonic general Joachim Murat, decided to side with Napoleon. The Austrian won the war and reinstated Ferdinand IV as King of Naples and Sicily.
May 1815: Murat's joint campaign was definitively wrecked on 4 May 1815, after the Austrians defeated him in the battle of Tolentino: finally, with the Treaty of Casalanza, signed at Capua on 20 May 1815 by the Austrian and Murat generals, the kingdom of Naples thus returned to the crown Bourbon, with King Ferdinand who returned to Naples on 7 June.
12.5.1.1.Neapolitan attack (Neapolitan War)
Was the invasion of central and northern Italy launched by the Neapolitan armies during the Neapolitan War.
March 1815: Leaving behind a reserve Army of the Interior in case of an invasion from Sicily, Murat sent his two elite Guard Divisions through the Papal States, forcing the Pope to flee to Genoa. With the remainder of his army, Murat established his headquarters at Ancona and advanced on the road towards Bologna. On 30 March, Murat had arrived in Rimini, where he gave the famous Rimini Proclamation, inciting all Italian nationalists to war.
April 1815: The Austrian advance guard under the command of General Bianchi was beaten back at an engagement near Cesena. Bianchi retreated towards Modena and took up a defensive line behind the River Panaro, allowing Murat to take Bologna on 3 April.
April 1815: Battle of the Panaro.
April 1815: The two Guard Divisions Murat had sent into the Papal States passed unmolested into Tuscany and by 8 April had occupied Florence, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
12.5.1.2.Austrian counterattack (Neapolitan War)
Was the Austrian invasion of Italy during the Neapolitan War.
April 1815: Ferrara was attacked by Neapolitan troops.
April 1815: Carrascosa, who was in command of the Neapolitan troops around Modena, saw the Austrian trap and ordered a retreat to a defensive line behind the Panaro where he was joined by the remainder of his division, which had been evacuated from Reggio Emilia and Modena.
April 1815: In Tuscany Murat's two Guard Divisions also inexplicably retreated without being harassed in any way by Nugent. By 15 April, the Austrians had retaken Florence.
April 1815: On 14 April, Frimont attempted to force a crossing of the Panaro, but was repelled. However, only two days later, Murat and his army retreated from Bologna, which was quickly retaken by the Austrians.
April 1815: Battle of Cesenatico.
April 1815: Murat hurried his retreat and by late April, his main force had arrived safely in Ancona, where he was reunited with his two Guard Divisions.
April 1815: The Austrians reached Foligno.
April 1815: Battle of Pesaro.
April 1815: Neipperg's corps was still in pursuit and by 29 April, his advanced guard had arrived in Fano, just two days' march away.
April 1815: General Nugent had continued to advance from Florence. Having arrived in Rome.
May 1815: A joint Anglo-Austrian fleet began a blockade of Ancona, eventually taking the entire garrison of the city as prisoners.
May 1815: By 12 May, Bianchi, who was now in command of both his and Neipperg's corps, had taken the town of L'Aquila.
May 1815: Nugent intercepted Murat at San Germano (now Cassino).
May 1815: The Austrian armies united near Calvi and began the march on Naples.
May 1815: Neapolitan Generals Pepe and Carrascosa sued for peace and concluded the Treaty of Casalanza with the Austrians, bringing the war to an end.
12.5.1.3.King Ferdinand restored
On 23 May, at the end of the Neaopolitan War, the main Austrian army entered Naples and restored King Ferdinand to the Neapolitan throne.
May 1815: The main Austrian army entered Naples and restored King Ferdinand to the Neapolitan throne.
January 819: Naples returned for a short time under the direct control of the Byzantines, who sent their officials.
January 822: In 821, with Stephen III, however, the ducal office returned to the local ruling class.
January 839: The Principality of Benevento conquered Amalfi under Duke Sicardo.
September 839: On September 1, 839, Amalfi obtained administrative autonomy (although there was formal protection of Byzantium through the Duchy of Naples); it was a de facto freedom.
January 1028: In 1027 Duke Sergio IV of Naples donated the county of Aversa to the Norman mercenary band of Rainulfo Drengot, who had joined him in yet another war against the principality of Capua, thus creating the first Norman settlement in southern Italy.
January 1324: In 1323 Nicola of Epirus was murdered by his brother Giovanni, who became the new prince of the Despotate as John I but lost Cephalonia.
January 1358: In 1357, Robert of Taranto ceded Cephalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca to the governor of Corfu, Leonardo I Tocco, as reward for the services he had provided when he was a captive of the King of Hungary.
July 1383: In 1383, the Principality of Achaea was annexed by Charles III of Naples, who was the successor and murderer of Queen Joan of Naples. Charles III was the grandson of John of Durazzo, and James of Baux was driven away from power in Achaea.
January 1386: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1387: The island of Corfu remained under Angevin rule until 1386, when Venice reimposed its control.
January 1389: Argos, Kiveri and Thermisi were seized by the Despot Theodore I Palaiologos.
January 1409: In 1408-13 and 1417-19 Patras was held in lease by the Republic of Venice.
January 1414: Patras is acquired by the Principality of Achaea.
January 1418: In 1417, the imperial army of Constantinople, led by the despot Theodore II Palaeologus and Emperor John VIII, invaded Achaea. They took Messenia and Elis.
January 1418: In 1408-13 and 1417-19 Patras was held in lease by the Republic of Venice.
January 1433: In 1429, Thomas Palaeologus of Morea besieged Centurione in Chalandritsa and extracted a treaty from him whereby his daughter, Catherine, would marry the despot and thus make him Centurione's heir in Achaea. He died there two years later. His domains passed to the despotate of Morea and into Byzantine hands.
June 1442: In 1442 Alfonso V conquered Naples.
June 1458: Kingdom of Naples fell under the Crown of Aragon.
January 1464: Although within the territory of the Kingdom of Naples, the town of Pontecorvo was an exclave of the Papal States from 1463, when the town placed itself under papal jurisdiction.
January 1485: In 1484, Gallipoli (Apulia) came under Venetian control after being captured from the Kingdom of Naples.
January 1485: Monopoli, a town in southern Italy, was under Venetian control from 1484 to 1509 and again from 1528 to 1530. The Republic of Venice, a powerful maritime state, gained control of Monopoli during these periods as part of its expansion in the Mediterranean region.
January 1491: The city of Trani, Apulia, is conquered by Venice.
January 1496: Polignano, a town in southern Italy, was under Venetian control in 1495-1509 and again in 1528-1530. The Republic of Venice, a powerful maritime state, ruled over various territories in Italy during this time period.
January 1497: In 1496, Brindisi came under the control of the Republic of Venice.
January 1497: In 1496, Otranto came under the control of the Republic of Venice. The Governor and Castellano at that time oversaw the territory. Later, from 1528 to 1530, a Superintendent was appointed to manage the region.
January 1498: Mola, a town in Italy, was under Venetian control from 1497.
January 1517: King Charles I, known as Emperor Charles V, in 1516 united all the kingdoms on the Iberian peninsula, save the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarve. At the same time his territories also encompassed the Habsburg domains in central Europe and in the Low Countries.
January 1529: In 1528, the territory of Otranto was under the rule of the Republic of Venice. The Superintendent during this time was Pietro Loredan, a prominent Venetian nobleman who held various political positions within the Republic.
January 1529: Polignano was a territory in Italy that was under Venetian control during two periods: from 1495 to 1509 and again from 1528 to 1530. The Republic of Venice was a powerful maritime republic in the Mediterranean during this time.
January 1529: Mola, a town in Italy, was again under Venetian control from 1528.
January 1529: In 1528, Brindisi came under the control of the Republic of Venice. This marked a period of Venetian rule in the region, following their conquest of Brindisi in 1496. The Venetians held control until 1509, when the territory was lost to the Kingdom of Naples.
January 1529: Monopoli, a strategic port city in southern Italy, was under Venetian control from 1528.
January 1556: Charles V, who was King of Spain and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, left the Spanish Empire to his son Philip and the Austrian Lands to his brother Ferdinand I.
January 1734: Bourbons start their rule on the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
December 1816: The Kingdom of Sicily was formed in 1816 when King Ferdinand IV of Naples merged the Kingdom of Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples, creating the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Ferdinand IV became King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.
December 1816: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was formed in 1816 when the Kingdom of Sicily merged with the Kingdom of Naples. This union was a result of the Congress of Vienna and was ruled by King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.
Disestablishment
December 1816: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was formed in 1816 when the Kingdom of Sicily merged with the Kingdom of Naples. This union was a result of the Congress of Vienna and was ruled by King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.
December 1816: The Kingdom of Sicily was formed in 1816 when King Ferdinand IV of Naples merged the Kingdom of Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples, creating the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Ferdinand IV became King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.
Selected Sources
Leyser, K. (1982): Medieval Germany and its neighbours, 900-1250, London (UK), p. 50
Makkai, L. (1990): The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the west to 955, in: A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA) p. 8-14
Osswald, B. (2011): L'Epire du treizième au quinzième siècle: autonomie et hétérogénéité d'une région balkanique, Toulouse (France), p. 263
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, p. 543
Sugar, P. F. / Hanák, P. (1994): A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA), p. 13
Timothy R. (1995) The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume 3, c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
Zachariadou, E. (1988): Marginalia on the History of Epirus and Albania (1380-1418), Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vol. 78, pp. 195-210
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