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Is the cluster of the Italian Nation since the unification in 1861. It odes not include older form of Italy like Napoleonic Italy or medieval Italy.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of Italy
Italian Republic
Establishment
March 1861: Formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
March 1861: The annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies completed the first phase of Italian unification, and the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861.
March 1861: Siege of Civitella del Tronto.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.
1.1.Military Campaign of the Kingdom of Sardinia in Central Italy
Was a military campaign of the Kingdom of Sardinia in central Italy against the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It was part of a series of conflicts that resulted in the unification of the Italian Peninsula.
1.1.1.Invasion of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Was the invasion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the Kingdom of Sardinia that happened at the same time of Garibaldi's expedition in southern Italy.
1.2.Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
Was the formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
1.3.Capture of Rome
The Capture of Rome on September 20, 1870, was the final event of the long process of Italian Unification, also known as the Risorgimento, marking both the final defeat of the Papal States and the unification of the Italian Peninsula (except San Marino) under the Kingdom of Italy.
April 1870: The Capture of Rome on September 20, 1870, was the final event of the long process of Italian unification also known as the Risorgimento, marking both the final defeat of the Papal States.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
2.1.Austro-Prussian War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire over the dominance of the German states. The war resulted in a Prussian victory. The German confederation was abolished and in 1871 Prussia united all the German states but Austria in the German Empire.
2.1.1.Third Italian War of Independence
Was the last of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence, and also represented the southern theatre of the larger Austro-Prussian War. It was fought by the Kingdom of Italy against the Austrian Empire, resulting in the Italian annexion of the remaining territories of the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
June 1866: Battle of Custoza (1866).
June 1866: Italian retreat to the Oglio River.
July 1866: Rovigo conquered by italy.
July 1866: Padova conquered by italy.
July 1866: Treviso is conquered by the Italians.
July 1866: Battle of Condino.
July 1866: San Doná di Piave conquered by italy.
July 1866: On July 5, the siege of the fortress of Borgoforte began, lasting until July 18.
July 1866: Siege of the Fort of Ampola.
July 1866: The Italians occupy Vladobbiadene and Oderzo.
July 1866: General Medici, having left Padua, occupied Cittadella.
July 1866: Vicenza conquered by italy.
July 1866: The Italians occupy Bassano.
July 1866: Battle of Bezzecca.
July 1866: Udine conquered by italy.
July 1866: Giacomo Medici's Division occupied Primolano.
July 1866: The Italians occupy Borgo Valsugana.
July 1866: The Italians occupy Levico.
July 1866: Beyond Palmanova an Italian avant-garde clashed with an Austrian avant-garde, beating them, on 24 July.
July 1866: The last battle took place two days later at Ponte di Versa, after which the Italians victoriously entered Versa, in the province of Gorizia.
July 1866: The Italians occupy Civezzano.
August 1866: On 9 August the news of the forthcoming armistice between Italy and Austria arrived and with it the order from La Marmora to clear Trentino within 24 hours.
October 1866: The Treaty of Vienna signed on 12 October 1866 marked the end of the Third Italian War of Independence. It resulted in the transfer of Veneto from the Austrian Empire to the Kingdom of Italy, following the defeat of Austria by the Italian forces led by King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Bettino Ricasoli.
October 1866: Through the Treaty of Vienna the Third Italian War of Independence was declared closed. Under the peace agreement, the Austrian Empire would have ceded Veneto, Friuli and the province of Mantua (the last remaining territories of the Lombard-Veneto kingdom) to France , which in turn would then transfer them to the Kingdom of Italy.
2.1.1.1.Austrian Operations in Val Vestino
Was an Austrian military operation in Val Vestino during the Third Italian War of Independence.
July 1866: Austrian forces occupy Vestino Valley.
2.1.1.2.Austrian Operations in Valtellina
Was an Austrian military operation in Valtellina during the Third Italian War of Independence.
July 1866: An Austrian column descending from the Stelvio Pass occupied Bormio.
July 1866: On the evening of 3 July, an Italian detachment of about fifty men had proceeded reached the Mortirolo Pass.
July 1866: Bormio conquered by Kingdom of Italy.
Was a war by Mahdist Sudan against Egyptian rule. The Mahdista were finally defeated by Egyptian and British forces, and Sudan became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium.
3.1.Mahdist Attacks to Eritrea
Was the invasion of Eritrea by Mahdist Sudan during the Mahdist War.
June 1892: Battle of Serobeti.
July 1892: Battle of Serobeti.
December 1893: The Second Battle of Agordat took place in 1893 between Italian forces led by General Baratieri and Mahdist Sudanese troops. The Italians were victorious, securing control of the territory for Italy in their colonial expansion in East Africa.
January 1894: The Second Battle of Agordat took place in 1894 in Agordat, Eritrea. It was a decisive victory for Italian forces led by General Oreste Baratieri over the Ethiopian army of Emperor Menelik II. This battle solidified Italian control over the territory, which became part of Italian Eritrea.
July 1894: In 1894, Governor Oreste Baratieri of Italian Eritrea attempted to capture Kassala to prevent Mahdist attacks on Eritrea. The Mahdists were followers of Muhammad Ahmad, who had established a state in Sudan and posed a threat to Italian interests in the region.
3.2.Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
Was the joint Anglo-Egyptian military invasion of Mahdist Sudan that ended the Mahdist War.
December 1897: In 1897, the Kingdom of Italy, led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi, returned Kassala to the Kingdom of Egypt under British leadership. This was done in order to gain international recognition of Italy's colony of Eritrea, which was established in the late 19th century.
Were two invasion of Ethiopia by the Kingdom of Italy whose goal was to make Ethiopia a colony. The first invasion was not succesful, but after the second invasion Ethiopia became part of of Italian East Africa.
4.1.First Italo-Ethiopian War
Was an ultimately unsuccesful Italian invasion of Ethiopia.
January 1895: In 1893, judging that his power over Ethiopia was secure, Menelik repudiated the treaty with Ital. In response the Italians ramped up the pressure on his domain in a variety of ways, including the annexation of small territories bordering their original claim under the Treaty of Wuchale, and finally culminating with a military campaign and across the Mareb River into Tigray (on the border with Eritrea) in December 1894.
January 1895: Battle of Coatit.
January 1895: In 1895, the Italians achieved a significant victory in Quatit, Italian Eritrea, by successfully repelling an invasion force led by Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II. This victory solidified Italian control over the territory and marked a turning point in the First Italo-Ethiopian War.
October 1895: Amba Alagi is temporarily occupied, as part of the Italian invasion of Tigray, on 13 October 1895 by a contingent of troops under the command of General Giuseppe Arimondi.
December 1895: Battle of Amba Alagi.
December 1895: In 1895, during the First Italo-Ethiopian War, Italian General Giuseppe Arimondi led his troops to the unfinished Italian fort in Mekele, Ethiopia. This marked Italy's military occupation of the territory.
January 1896: Battle of Mekelle.
March 1896: Battle of Adwa.
4.2.Second Italo-Ethiopian War
Was the second Italian military invasion of Ethiopia. At the end of the war the country became part of Italian East Africa.
4.2.1.Northern Front (Second Italo-Ethiopian War)
Was the northern front of the Second Italo-Ethiopian war.
4.2.1.1.De Bono Offensive
Was a military offensive by Italian general Emilio De Bono during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
October 1935: The Italian I Corps took the city of Adigrat.
October 1935: Adua was captured by the Italian II Corps.
October 1935: Dejazmach Haile Selassie Gugsa and 1,200 of his men surrendered to the Italian command near Adagmos.
October 1935: From October 15, the forces under the command of De Bono moved from Adua towards Axum to occupy the city.
November 1935: The Italian avant-gardes entered Macallè.
4.2.1.2.Ethiopian Christmas Offensive
Was an Italian military offensive during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
December 1935: Italian military occupation of Abbi Addi.
January 1936: The Ethiopians reoccupied all of southern Tembien.
4.2.1.3.Badoglio Offensive
Was a military offensive by Italian general Pietro Badoglio during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
February 1936: Battle of Amba Aradam.
February 1936: Second Battle of Tembien.
March 1936: Battle of the Scirè.
April 1936: Italian march on Gondar resulting in the occupation of Gondar and the Lake Tana area.
April 1936: Battle of Lake Ascianghi.
April 1936: The Italian army corps entered Dessié on April 15, 1936.
May 1936: Occupation of Addis Ababa by Italian forces.
4.2.2.Southern Front (Second Italo-Ethiopian War)
Was the southern front of the Second Italo-Ethiopian war.
4.2.2.1.Graziani Offensive
Was an Italian military offensive commanded by General Rodolfo Graziani during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
October 1935: Italian general Graziani authorized the execution of the "Milan Plan": a series of small offensive attacks along the entire front to eliminate the annoying enemy garrisons and to test their resistance. In about twenty days Graziani occupied the villages of Dolo, Oddo, Ualaddaie, Bur Dodi, Dagnerei, Callafo, Scivallè and Gherlogubi, after they had been cleared following the preventive aerial bombardments ordered by the general.
November 1935: First attack with chemical agents of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War against the village of Gorrahei, which was subsequently the main objective of the "Plan Gorizia" which began on October 28. However, it fell into Italian hands only on 6 November.
January 1936: Battle of Ganale Doria.
April 1936: El Fud conquered by italy.
April 1936: Segàg conquered by italy.
April 1936: Battle of the Ogaden.
May 1936: The Italian columns, led by General Rodolfo Graziani, began their advance towards Harar in 1936 during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The city was occupied by Italian forces in the early afternoon of 6 May.
May 1936: Italian general Graziani entered Dire Daua, a few hours before the arrival by train from Addis Ababa of the men of Badoglio. With this last formal act, the war on the southern front also ended.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
5.1.Concessions in China
During the XIX and XX century China was forced into treaties with foreign powers that established concessions (factually enclaves) in its territory.
June 1902: China leases a concession in Tientsin to Italy.
September 1943: The Italian Concession in Tianjin is occupied by Japan.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
6.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
6.1.1.Somaliland campaign
Was a long guerrilla conflict which took place between 1900 and 1920 in the territories corresponding to present-day Somalia and in the border areas between Somalia and present-day Ethiopia. The Somali Islamist leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan succeeded in uniting various clans and tribes in his country in a unitary movement of opposition to Italian and British colonial rule.
September 1902: In the summer of 1902, Dervish forces conquered the important city of Gallacaio.
May 1903: Italian forces moved into Gallacaio, however the Dervish forces managed to escape without losses in the direction of Gumburu and Ual Ual, in the Ogaden region.
July 1903: The Dervishes bypassed the British line of resistance, and settled in the upper Nogal valley, conquering a region between British Somaliland and the Italian protectorate of Migiurtinia and equipped with an outlet to the sea at the small port of Illig.
October 1908: The Dervishes resumed the conflict. A column invaded the Sultanate of Obbia and attacked the Mudugh region.
February 1913: After various raids, in June 1912 the Dervish Mullah moved further south and created an independent Somali national state. The core of his territory was protected by a chain of forts to the west, and went from Mount Shimbiris on the coast to the village of Gid Ali in the interior.
July 1913: In June 1913 a new Italian expedition led to the definitive defeat of the Dervish Bagheri forces and to the occupation in southern Somalia of several inland towns such as Bur Acaba, Baidoa and Bulo Burti, while further north troops of the Sultanate of Obbia reconquered Mudugh from the rebels.
December 1920: On December 21, 1920 (the precise date is not clear) Abdullah Hassan, who was the leader of the Dervish movement, died after six days of illness (also unspecified, malaria or pneumonia). The Mullah's death effectively ended the Dervish Revolt.
6.1.2.Senussi Campaign
The campaign was fought by the Kingdom of Italy and the British Empire during World War I against the Senussi, a religious order of Arabic nomads in Libya and Egypt.
January 1915: In December 1914 all the Italian military garrisons in Fezzan were abandoned, including that of Brak where the forces had been concentrated before the retreat.
6.1.2.1.Band of oases
Was the theatre of war in the oases during the Senussi campaign.
September 1914: Italian troops captured Ghat in August 1914.
January 1915: In 1914, the Senussi, led by Sayyid Ahmed al-Sharif, prompted an uprising in Ghat and Ghadames, forcing the Italians out of the territory. The Senussi were a religious and political movement in Libya, seeking independence from Italian colonial rule.
April 1915: Colonel Antonio Miani and force-marching from the Sirtica, was defeated by the Senussi at Gasr Bu Hadi.
June 1915: The Italians abandoned Bu Njem.
March 1916: The Italians re-captured Ghadames in February 1916.
January 1917: In 1916, a Senussi contingent commanded by Ramadan al-Shtaiwi invaded Tripolitania. The Senussi routed a Bedouin group led by Sayed Safi al-Din at Bani Walid.
6.2.World War I Balkan Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Balkan Peninsula during World War I.
6.2.1.Albania during World War I
Albanian theatre of World War I.
January 1917: Austria-Hungary used the French precedent in Korçë to justify the proclamation of the independence of Albania under its protectorate on January 3, 1917 in Shkodër.
6.2.1.1.Collapse of Albania
Invasion of Albania by the central powers during World War I.
October 1914: On 31 October 1914 the government of Prime Minister Antonio Salandra ordered the occupation of the Albanian islet of Saseno.
December 1914: Unopposed Italian landing in the port of Vlora.
February 1916: The embarkation of fleeing Serbs from Durazzo ended on 9 February, but the Italian authorities decided to keep the Italian garrison already present in the port.
February 1916: An Austrian attack in force on the morning of February 23, immediately put Italian general Ferrero's units under pressure and prompting the Italian command to order the evacuation of the city. The last units of the Savona Brigade were embarked on the evening of 26 February.
August 1916: The Italian army created defensive positions in southern Albania.
August 1916: On 24 August an Italian column arriving from Vlora by land and a contingent landed by sea took possession of Porto Palermo in southern Albania, without encountering resistance from the detachment of Greek gendarmes.
October 1916: Italian forces of the Navy occupied Santi Quaranta.
October 1916: Two Italian army columns from Tepelenë and from Santi Quaranta itself occupied the city of Gjirokastra.
June 1917: On 3 June 1917, General Ferrero proclaimed the establishment of an Italian protectorate of Albania in Gjirokastra.
June 1917: An Italian column crossed the Albanian-Greek border and occupied the important city of Ioannina without any opposition from Greek troops.
6.3.World War I Italian Theatre
Involved a series of battles at the border between Austria-Hungary and Italy, fought between 1915 and 1918 in the course of World War I.
June 1916: Limit of Austrian advance from Tyrol.
June 1916: In 1916, during World War I, the Austrians voluntarily withdrew to the defensive line in Tyrol, known as the "Line of Demarcation."
October 1917: Line after the last six italian attacks.
6.3.1.Italian initial gains (Italian Front of WWI)
Were the early military operations against Austria-Hungary in the Italian front of World War I.
June 1915: Areas occupied by italy up to the first battle with Austria Hungary.
6.3.2.Battles of Isonzo (I-V)
Were a series of 12 battles between the Austro-Hungarian and Italian armies in World War I mostly on the territory of present-day Slovenia.
March 1916: The Italians launched the Fifth Battle of the Isonzo on 9 March 1916, and captured the strategic Mount Sabatino.
6.3.3.Battles of Isonzo (VI)
Were a series of 12 battles between the Austro-Hungarian and Italian armies in World War I mostly on the territory of present-day Slovenia.
March 1916: Line after the first five italian attacks (Isonzo front).
August 1916: An Italian offensive gained nothing of strategic value but did take Gorizia.
6.3.4.Battle of Caporetto
The Battle of Caporetto (also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo) was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central Powers. It was the most serious defeat in the history of the Italian army, leading to the retreat of the entire Italian army as far as the Piave river.
October 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
November 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
6.3.5.Battle of Vittorio Veneto
It was the last armed clash between Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the First World War.
October 1918: Conquests by the Italian Kingdom after the battle of Vittorio Veneto.
November 1918: Conquests by the Italian Kingdom after the battle of Vittorio Veneto.
November 1918: An Italian naval Expedition seized Trieste on 3 November. Also Trento is taken the same day.
6.3.6.Occupation of northern Dalmatia and Tyrol
Was the Italian occupation of Austro-Hungarian territories in Dalmatia and Tyrol at the end of World War I.
November 1918: From 5-6 November 1918, Italian forces were reported to have reached Lissa, Lagosta, Sebenico, and other localities on the Dalmatian coast.
November 1918: After November 4th, the Italian military occupied also Innsbruck and all Tyrol.
6.4.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
January 1920: The Kingdom of Italy at the 1919 Paris "Conference of Peace" received nothing from German colonies, but as a compensation Great Britain gave it the Oltre Giuba and France agreed to give some Saharan territories to Italian Libya.
August 1920: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 awarded northern Epirus to Greece.
August 1920: The Albanian-Italian protocol was signed, upon which Italy retreated from Albania (maintaining only the island of Saseno).
6.4.1.Aftermath of World War I in Yugoslavia
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Yugoslavia.
November 1920: According to the treaty of Rapallo, the city of Rijeka (Italian: Fiume) would become the independent Free State of Fiume, thus ending the military occupation of Gabriele d'Annunzio's troops, begun by the Impresa di Fiume and known as the Italian Regency of Carnaro.
6.4.2.Hungarian-Romanian War
Was a war between Romania and Hungary over territorial disputes after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.
6.4.2.1.Hungarian-Romanian War Aftermath
The border between Romania and Hungary after World War I was decided in the The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919).
September 1919: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, recognizing Romanian sovereignty over Bukovina but the frontiers of Romania was to be later fixed.
6.4.3.Treaty of St Germain
Was a treaty that settled the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I.
September 1919: After World War I, the southern half of the former Tyrolean crownland up to the Brenner Pass, including predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol and the present-day Trentino province, together with the Carinthian Canal Valley around Tarvisio fell to Italy, as well as the Austrian Littoral (Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and Istria as recognized by the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920).
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Expansion during the rule of Menelik II in the Ethiopian Empire.
January 1905: Expansion of the Ethiopian Empire in 1904.
Was a war beteen the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire caused by Italian colonial ambitions. It resulted in the Italian occupation of the Dodecanese and of the Libyan coast (the interior was nominally ceded to Italy but not under its control).
8.1.Libyan Front
Was the Italian invasion of Ottoman Libya during the Italo-Turkish War.
October 1911: On the morning of 4 October, an Italian naval squadron landed in Tobruch without encountering resistance.
October 1911: Italian forces land in Tripoli and occupy the city.
October 1911: On October 13, Italian Vice Admiral Aubry ordered the occupation of Derna with the troops already present in Tobruch. On October 16, after a violent naval bombardment, Italian forces managed to land in Derna.
October 1911: The whole city of Benghasi was occupied in the morning of October 19th.
October 1911: Italian forces landed in Homs and defeated the 300-strong Turkish garrison.
October 1911: Italian Bersaglieri occupied the Mergèb heights, opposed not only by the Turkish garrison but also by about 1,500 Arab irregulars.
November 1911: On November 10, Tadjoura was occupied by Italian forces.
December 1911: The Italian forces achieved a significant victory at the Battle of Ain Zara. This victory, occurring near Tripoli in modern-day Libya, was pivotal in consolidating Italian control over the region.
January 1912: Italian forces occupied Gargaresh on January 20, 1912.
February 1912: The royal decree of November 5, 1911, n. 1247 places Tripolitania and Cyrenaica under the full and entire sovereignty of the Kingdom of Italy.
February 1912: The high ground around Homs was reconquered by the Italians.
February 1912: Italian occupation of Lebda.
June 1912: Italian victory at the battle of Zanzur.
June 1912: Landing of Italian troops in Libya with immediate occupation of Bu Sceifa and Gasr-Ahmed.
July 1912: Italian occupation of Misrata.
July 1912: Italian occupation of Sidi Said.
July 1912: Italian forces take Sidi Alì on July 14th.
August 1912: Italian troops entered Zuara without encountering resistance.
8.2.Treaty of Lausanne (1912)
Was the peace treaty that ended the Italo-Turkish War. The Ottoman Empire ceded Libya to Italy. The Dodecanese was not ceded by the Ottomans, but it was under Italian military occupation and was not given back.
October 1912: On 18 October 1912, Italy and the Ottoman Empire signed the First Treaty of Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War. The Ottoman Turks ceded the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica to Italy. These provinces together formed what became known as Libya. The Dodecanese was not officially ceded but was never returned from Italy to Turkey.
Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
9.1.First Balkan War
Was a war fought in southeastern Europe where the states of the Balkan League (Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia) conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace (virtually all remaining territories of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans) from the Ottomans.
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9.1.1.Aegean Front
Was the Aegean front of the First Balkan War.
April 1912: On the 28th, Astypalaia (It. Stampalia) was occupied by Italian forces.
May 1912: The first Italian landing in Rhodes took place on May 4, when 8,000 men under the command of General Giovanni Ameglio landed in the bay of Kalitea about 10 km from the capital Rhodes, reached in the evening. The Turkish garrison of city withdrew during the night and surrendered the following morning.
May 1912: On May 9, 1912, Italian cruiser Duca degli Abruzzi occupied Calchi, taking the garrison prisoner.
May 1912: Ships of the Italian 1st and 2nd divisions occupied Karpathos (It. Scarpanto) and Kasos (It. Caso), while other units of the same divisions with simultaneous action, seized Nisyros (It. Nisiro), Tilos (It. Piscopi), Kalymnos (It. Calimno), Leros (It. Lero), and Patmos (It. Patmo).
May 1912: On May 16, during the battles of Psithos, Italian destroyers Nembo and Aquilone occupied the island of Leipsoi (It. Lisso).
May 1912: Italian R.N. Pegasus took possession of the island of Symi.
May 1912: Italian R.N. Napoli occupies the island of Kos.
Was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The war led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
April 1919: Italian forces occupied Antalya, the region around which will remain comparatively calm throughout the war.
May 1919: Small Italian contingents occupied (rather symbolically, since the Ottoman administration is allowed to function intact) Fethiye, Bodrum and Marmaris and the surrounding regions.
January 1923: Italy began the withdrawal of its expeditionary force in Constantinople in the autumn of 1922.
On 12 September 1919 Italian nationalist Gabriele d'Annunzio led around 2,600 troops, mostly shell-shocked veterans of the Battles of the Isonzo, to seize the city of Fiume (today Rijeka, Croatia).
September 1919: Italian writer and politician Gabriele d'Annunzio was angered by what he considered to be the handing over of the city of Fiume. On 12 September 1919 he led around 2,600 troops, mostly shell-shocked veterans of the Battles of the Isonzo. They were drawn from the Royal Italian Army (the Granatieri di Sardegna), Italian nationalists and irredentists. This force staged a seizure of the city, forcing the withdrawal of the inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces. Their march from Ronchi dei Legionari to Fiume became known as the Impresa di Fiume.
The Albona Republic was a short-lived self-governing republic that was proclaimed by miners from the Istrian city of Albona on March 2, 1921 during a mining strike.
March 1921: The Albona Republic was a short-lived self-governing republic that was proclaimed by miners from Istrian city of Albona during a mining strike.
April 1921: The Italian administration in Istria, responding to requests for intervention from the mine owners, decided to suppress the Albona Republic using military force.
Was an Italian military campaign to conquer the interior of Libya after the creation of Italian Libya, which initially controlled only the coastal part of the region.
13.1.Italian military operations in Tripolitania
Were the Italian military operations to conquer Tripolitania during the Pacification of Libya.
January 1922: At dawn on January 26, 1922, carrying out a tactical surprise, the Carabinieri, Zaptié and Eritreans landed in Misurata Marittima, occupying the locality. It was the beginning of the turning point which in just over a year would end with the occupation of all of Tripolitania.
June 1922: On 1 June 1922, with a convergent maneuver, four columns, one of which commanded by the unknown Colonel Graziani, fell on Nalut surprising the rebels.
November 1922: The Italian army occupied Gefara and Garian.
February 1923: On the morning of February 6, the Graziani column quickly aimed at Tarhuna and, breaking down the last resistance of the enemy, entered it at 6 pm.
February 1923: Ras el Gattar conquered by italy.
February 1923: On the 23rd, the Italian Pizzari column occupied Zliten.
February 1923: The Italian forces of the Graziani column reached Bir Rabbud.
February 1923: Bir Fallagia conquered by italy.
June 1923: In May Taorga was reached by Italian forces.
December 1923: Between December 15 and 22, the Mezzetti and Marghinotti columns from the east converged on Sedada.
December 1923: Overcoming stiff resistance, the Graziani column entered Beni Ulid.
February 1924: Italian advancement on Sinauen which was occupied on the 7th.
February 1924: Adames which occupied by Italian forces on the 15th.
April 1924: Misda was easily reoccupied by Italian forces.
November 1924: On 23 November 1924 the Italian army entered Sirte.
13.2.Italian operations in Fezzan
Were the Italian military operations to conquer Fezzan during the Pacification of Libya.
December 1929: Occupation of Brak by Italian forces.
December 1929: Italian Colonel Cubeddu's Eastern Column occupied Sebha.
January 1930: The Umm el Araneb oasis is occupied by Italian forces on 8 January.
January 1930: On January 13, the 1st Saharan group defeated the men of the Seif en Nasser brothers in the oasis of Uau el Kebir.
January 1930: Amedeo of Savoy-Aosta occupied the city of Murzuch.
February 1930: The reconquest operations in Fezzan ended on February 20 when the Italian troops reached the borders of French Chad.
Was a revolt in the Sultanate of Hobyo against the Italian authorities.
November 1925: Omar Samatar attacked and captured El Buur.
November 1925: Omar followed up his previous success with the capture of El-Dhere.
December 1925: The Italians retook El-Buur on December 26, 1925.
Was a brief military campaign which was launched by the Kingdom of Italy against the Albanian Kingdom in 1939. The conflict was a result of the imperialistic policies of the Italian prime minister and dictator Benito Mussolini.
April 1939: On April 7, 1939, Mussolini's troops, led by General Alfredo Guzzoni, invaded Albania, simultaneously attacking all Albanian ports.
April 1939: Scutari surrendered to the Italians in the evening after 12 hours of fighting.
April 1939: At 9:30 on April 8, 1939, Italian troops entered Tirana quickly conquering all the government buildings.
April 1939: On 12 April 1939, the Albanian parliament voted to depose Zog and unite the nation with Italy in personal union, offering the Albanian crown to Victor Emmanuel III.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
16.1.World War II (Western Front)
Was the Western European theatre of World War II.
November 1942: On 11 November 1942, the Italian Army invaded and occupied Monaco.
September 1943: The Italian surrended to the Allies in September 1943 and the Germans took over the Italian occupation zones in France.
September 1943: In September 1943, following Mussolini's fall in Italy, the German Army occupied Monaco and began the deportation of the Jewish population.
16.1.1.German Invasion of France
The Battle of France was the German invasion of France during World War II that ended with the French Armistice of Compiègne on 22 June 1940.
16.1.1.1.French Armistice
Was the Armistice of 22 June 1940 when France surrendered to Germany during World War II.
16.1.1.1.1.Franco-Italian Armistice
The Franco-Italian Armistice, or Armistice of Villa Incisa, signed on 24 June 1940.
June 1940: Franco-Italian Armistice, or Armistice of Villa Incisa, signed on 24 June 1940, in effect from 25 June. Some regions of southern France remained under Italian occupation.
16.1.2.Italian invasion of France
Was the invasion of southern France by Fascist Italy during the Battle of France.
June 1940: After eliminating the French field fortifications with artillery fire, the Germans took the city of Bramans.
June 1940: That day the fort of Pont Saint-Louis engaged in its last artillery duel with the Italians. No vehicles managed to cross the bridge before the armistice. The capture of "the pearl of France", Menton, a famous tourist destination, was "an undeniable success" (despite its cost) for the Italians.
16.1.3.Case Anton
Was the military occupation of Vichy France carried out by Germany and Italy in November 1942. It marked the end of the Vichy regime as a nominally-independent state and the disbanding of its army, but it continued its existence as a puppet government in Occupied France.
November 1942: Military occupation of Vichy France carried out by Germany and Italy in November 1942. It marked the end of the Vichy regime as a nominally-independent state and the disbanding of its army (the severely-limited Armistice Army), but it continued its existence as a puppet government in Occupied France.
16.2.World War II (East African Theatre)
Was the East African theatre of World War II.
16.2.1.French Somaliland during World War II
Was an Italian military campaign in French Somaliland during World War II.
June 1940: Italian troops under General Guglielmo Nasi attacked the fort of Ali-Sabieh in the south and Dadda'to in the north.
June 1940: By the end of June the Italians had also occupied the border fortifications of Magdoul, Daimoli, Balambolta, Birt Eyla, Asmailo, Tewo, Abba, Alailou, Madda and Rahale.
August 1940: When the Italian invasion of British Somaliland began on 3 August, the forces at Loyada moved on Zeila, which they had taken by 5 August.
August 1940: The Italian 17th Colonial Brigade under Colonel Agosti occupied the French fort at Loyada on the border with British Somaliland in early August.
November 1940: The border area of western French Somaliland was occupied by Italian troops. Under increasing British pressure, the Italians withdrew from Hanlé beginning in October 1940 and from Dagguirou by April 1941, when the French had returned.
May 1941: The French returned in Dagguirou.
December 1942: Christian Raimond Dupont, Governor of French Somaliland, surrendered to British forces. French Somaliland ceased to be part of the Vichy France colonial empire.
16.2.2.Italian invasion of Sudan
Was an Italian military campaign in Sudan during World War II.
July 1940: The Italian army captured Kassala, then Gallabat.
July 1940: Karora and Kurmuk were taken by Italian forces.
January 1941: British General William Platt occupied the Eritrean city of Gallabat.
January 1941: On 21 January 1941, the Italian command, under British pressure, decided to evacuate Cassala and other difficult to defend locations to shorten the front.
16.2.3.Italian Invasion of Kenya
Was the Italian invasion of British East Africa (Kenya) during World War II.
July 1940: The Italians carried out a larger attack by about four battalions on 10 July, after a considerable artillery bombardment and after three days the British withdrew unopposed. The Italians eventually advanced to water holes at Dabel and Buna, nearly 100 km inside Kenya but lack of supplies prevented a further advance.
March 1941: Dabel and Buna remained under Italian control until liberated in February 1941.
16.2.4.Italian conquest of British Somaliland
Was the Italian conquest of British Somaliland during World War II.
August 1940: The Italian invasion force occupied Hargeisa.
August 1940: The Italian eastern column, comprising mainly Eritrean Bande (colonial troops), reached Odweina.
August 1940: The Italian northern column reached Zeila despite naval bombardments.
August 1940: By 10 August, de Simone had closed up on the British positions behind the Tug Argan and prepared the Italian attack.
August 1940: The British retirement was followed up cautiously by the Italians, who attacked the defenders at Barkasan.
August 1940: In the north, the Bertoldi column captured Zeila, about 240 km north-west of Berbera, cutting communications with French Somaliland and then began a slow advance south-east along the coast road, under intermittent air attack from Aden and bombardment from the sea, pushing back the SCC rearguards as far as the village of Bulhar by 17 August.
August 1940: Italian forces entered Berbera victorious on 19 August 1940, just over 2 weeks after the start of the offensive in British Somaliland.
16.2.5.British invasion of Italian East Africa
Was the British invasion and occupation of Italian East Africa during World War II.
January 1941: The brigade retreated on the night of 22/23 January, leaving Italian General Ugo Fongoli, his staff and 800 men behind as prisoners.
January 1941: Battle of Agordat.
February 1941: On the night of 31 January/1 February, the Italians retreated along a track towards Tole and Arresa and on 8 February, abandoned vehicles were found by the pursuers.
February 1941: On 2 February, the British took Hobok.
February 1941: Banno was captured by British forces.
February 1941: Afmadu was captured on 11 February by British forces.
February 1941: The port of Kismayu, located in present-day Somalia, was captured by British forces.
February 1941: Mega conquered by great britain.
February 1941: An advance force of the South African Division captured Jumbo.
February 1941: Jelib was attacked on both flanks and from the rear. The Italians were routed and 30,000 were killed, captured or dispersed in the bush.
February 1941: Moyale, 110 km south-east of Mega on the border with Kenya, was occupied.
February 1941: On 25 February 1941, the motorised 23rd Nigerian Brigade (11th African Division) advanced 378 km up the coast in three days and occupied the Somali capital of Mogadishu unopposed.
March 1941: By early March Cunningham's forces had captured most of Italian Somaliland.
March 1941: The 5th Indian Division captured Fort Dologorodoc.
March 1941: The town of Barbera was captured by the British.
March 1941: By 17 March, the 11th (African) Division completed a 17-day dash along the Italian Strada Imperiale (Imperial Road) from Mogadishu to Jijiga in the Somali region of Ethiopia.
March 1941: On 20 March, Hargeisa was captured by the British.
March 1941: British forces advanced westwards into eastern Ethiopia and in late March, linked with forces from the Southern Front around Harar and Diredawa.
March 1941: On 26 March, Harar was captured by the British.
March 1941: Keren was captured by British forces after a battle lasting 53 days.
March 1941: On 29 March 1941, Dire Dawa was occupied by British forces.
April 1941: The British came to control Ogaden, and later Haud, in the aftermath of the East African Campaign in 1941.
April 1941: Asmara was declared an open town and the British entered unopposed.
April 1941: On 6 April 1941, Addis Ababa was occupied by British forces led by officer Harry Wetherall.
April 1941: Bonetti surrendered and the Allied force took 9,590 prisoners and 127 guns. Aosta ordered the governor, Agenore Frangipani, to surrender the city to forestall a massacre of Italian civilians, as had occurred in Dire Dawa. Ashamed of not being allowed by his superior to fight to the death in the old style, the Italian governor, General Agenore Frangipani, killed himself with poison the next day.
April 1941: The South Africans captured Dessie on the main road north from Addis Ababa to Asmara.
May 1941: The Duke of Aosta and his garrison surrendered in Amba Alagi to the British commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham.
May 1941: British occupation of Eritrea.
June 1941: Italian forces held out at Assab, the last Italian harbour on the Red Sea. Operation Chronometer took place from 10 to 11 June, with a surprise landing at Assab by the 3/15th Punjab Regiment from Aden, carried by a flotilla comprising HMS Dido, Indus, Clive, Chakdina and SS Tuna.
June 1941: Italian general Gazzera abandoned Jimma and about 15,000 men surrendered to the British.
July 1941: The Italians were cut off by the Free Belgian forces (Major-General Auguste Gilliaert) who had defeated the Italians at Asosa and Saïo.
September 1941: On 28 September 1941, after losing 950 casualties and running out of provisions, Gonella surrendered with 1,629 Italian and 1,450 Ethiopian soldiers to the 25th East African Brigade (Brigadier W. A. L. James).
November 1941: British forces captured Gondar.
16.3.World War II (North African Theatre)
Was the North African theatre of World War II.
16.3.1.Italian invasion of Egypt
Was an Italian offensive in the Second World War, against British, Commonwealth and Free French forces in the Kingdom of Egypt.
September 1940: The Italian 10th Army halted and took up defensive positions around the port of Sidi Barrani.
16.3.2.Operation Compass
Was a British military operation against Italian forces in Western Egypt and Cyrenaica.
December 1940: British conquest of Sidi Barrani.
January 1941: Battle of Bardia.
January 1941: British conquest of Tobruk.
February 1941: British conquest of Derna.
February 1941: British conquest of Beda Fomm.
March 1941: British forces captured Kufra.
March 1941: Siege of Giarabub by British forces.
16.3.3.Operation Sonnenblume
Was a joint German and Italian military Campaign against British forces in Cyrenaica, during World War II.
March 1941: The Axis force raided and quickly defeated the British at El Agheila.
March 1941: Mersa Brega conquered by italy.
April 1941: German Group Schwerin was out of fuel and stranded near Ben Gania.
April 1941: The German units of Group Schwerin arrived in Mechili.
April 1941: Ponath reached the coast road and advanced on the airfield south of Derna.
April 1941: Siege of Tobruk.
April 1941: By 15 April, Italian troops pushed the British back to the border at Sollum and besieged Tobruk.
16.3.4.Operation Crusader
Was a military operation of the Western Desert Campaign during the Second World War by the British Eighth Army against the Axis forces.
November 1941: British conquest in Lybia and Egypt during the offensive of general Auchinleck.
December 1941: British conquest in Lybia and Egypt during the offensive of general Auchinleck.
16.3.5.Battle of Gazala
Was a battle between the Axis and British forces west of the port of Tobruk in Libya, during World War II.
May 1942: Advancement of Axis forces in North Africa by c. 27 may.
June 1942: German General Klopper's forces occupy Tobruk.
June 1942: British withdrawal to Bardia.
June 1942: Allied forces retreat and withdraw from Gazala. It will be totally occupied on June 21, 1942 by the Axis forces.
16.3.6.British Invasion of Libya
Was a British military campaign in Italian Libya during World War II that resulted in the occupation of the region.
16.3.6.1.Second Battle of El Alamein
Was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein.
November 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
16.3.6.2.Battle of El-Agheila
Was a battle of the Second World War that took place in Libya.
December 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
December 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt. Sirte falls to the British Eighth Army.
January 1943: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
February 1943: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
16.4.World War II (Balkan Theatre)
Was the theatre of conflict of World War II that took place in the Balkans.
16.4.1.Greco-Italian War
Was a conflict between Greece and Italy during World War II that started with the Italian invasion of Greece.
April 1941: Italo-Greek front as of April, 4th 1941 (based on maps).
16.4.1.1.Italian offensive (Greco-Italian War)
Were the Italian operations during the Greco-Italian War.
November 1940: By the night of 29/30 October, the Greek covering units had withdrawn to the Kalpaki line.
November 1940: The Italians managed to capture Konitsa.
November 1940: The Italian Julia Division captured the village of Vovousa.
November 1940: The Greek forces reach the Pindus area of the Greek-Italian border.
November 1940: Igoumenitsa was captured by the Italians on 6 November.
November 1940: The Italians reached Margariti.
April 1941: Knin was taken by the Axis forces.
April 1941: The Italian army conquers of Kastav, Kalce and Logatec.
April 1941: On 11 April, the Italian 2nd Army launched its offensive, capturing Ljubljana, Sušak and Kraljevica on the same day.
April 1941: The Italian 133rd Armoured Division Littorio and the 52nd Infantry Division Torino took Senj.
April 1941: On 13 April the Italian occupied Otočac and Gradac.
April 1941: Split and Sibenik were taken by Italian forces on 15 and 16 April, respectively.
April 1941: Italian Motorized Corps took Dubrovnik.
16.4.1.2.Greek counter-offensive (Greco-Italian War)
Were the Greek operations during the Greco-Italian War.
November 1940: The Greeks captured the summit of Morava.
November 1940: The Greeks captured Ersekë on 21 November.
November 1940: Greek conquest of Leskovik.
November 1940: The city of Korçë was captured by Greek 9th Division.
November 1940: The Greek 10th Division captured Moscopole.
November 1940: The Western Macedonia Section of the Greek Army captured the entire Korçë plateau.
November 1940: Pogradec was captured unopposed by the Greek 13th Division.
December 1940: The Greeks arrived around the Kakavia Pass, forcing the Italians to withdraw.
December 1940: The Greek army captured Delvinë on 5 December.
December 1940: The Greek Lioumbas Detachment captured Sarandë, at the time baned Porto Edda after Edda Mussolini.
December 1940: Greek conquest of Gjirokastër.
December 1940: The Greek army captured the Ostravicë Mountain on 12 December.
December 1940: The Greek army captured Himarë on 22 December.
January 1941: The Greek 11th Division captured the Klisura Pass.
February 1941: In the Battle of Trebeshina, a series of engagements from 2-12 February, the Trebeshinë massif was captured by Greek forces.
16.4.2.Invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis
Was a military operation by the Axis forces that resulted in the occupation and partition of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
16.4.2.1.Surrender and partition of Yugoslavia
Was the partition of Yugoslavia among the invading Axis forces.
April 1941: The Independent State of Croatia (a German puppet state) was established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia.
April 1941: Yugoslavia was partitioned ca. April 20-22, 1941 among the Axis countries (Italy and Germany) and their satellite states (Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania).
16.4.2.2.Yugoslav Albanian offensive
Was the offensive of the Italian forces in Albania during the Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
April 1941: Between 11-13 April 1941, with German and Italian troops advancing on its rear areas, the Zetska Division was forced to retreat back to the Pronisat River by the Italian 131st Centauro Armoured Division.
16.4.3.German invasion of Greece
Was the invasion of Greece Germany during World War II. The Invasion followed the unsuccesful invasion of Greece by Italian forces.
April 1941: Korça that fell unopposed to the Italian 9th Army.
April 1941: The Italian armoured division along with the 18th Infantry Division Messina advanced upon the Yugoslav fleet base of Kotor in Montenegro, also occupying Cettinje and Podgorica.
April 1941: On 23 April the Greek commander signed a surrender agreement whit the Italians. The Italians thus re-acquired the Greek-occupied regions of Albania.
16.4.4.Axis Occupation of Greece
After the German invasion of Greece, the country was partitioned among the Axis powers. The territorial division changed during the war, and after the surrender of Italy to the Allies the Italian zone was occupied by Germany.
September 1943: After the Italian capitulation, the Italian zone of Greece was taken over by the Germans.
16.4.4.1.Greece divided in Occupation zones by Axis powers
Division in occupation zones of Greece by the Axis.
June 1941: The Hellenic State was the puppet Greek state controlled by italy and Germany.
16.4.5.Liberation of Albania
Was the liberation of Albania by the Albanian resistance during World War II.
July 1943: By the summer of 1943, when the Italian effort collapsed, almost all of the mountainous interior of Albania was controlled by resistance units.
16.4.6.German Invasion of Albania
After the capitulation of Italian forces on 8 September 1943, German troops swiftly occupied Albania with two divisions.
September 1943: After the capitulation of Italian forces on 8 September 1943, German troops swiftly occupied Albania with two divisions. The Germans formed a 'neutral government' in Tirana.
16.4.7.World War II (Balkan Theatre) - Croatia
After the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Croatian territories of Italy were occupied by German forces.
September 1943: After the ousting of Mussolini and the Kingdom of Italy's armistice with the Allies, the Independent State of Croatia on 10 September 1943 declared that the Treaties of Rome were null and void and annexed the portion of Dalmatia that had been ceded to Italy.
16.4.8.German Invasion of Slovenia
After the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, German forces invaded Slovenia.
September 1943: The Italian Governorship of Dalmatia was disestablished and the country's possessions were subsequently divided between Germany, which established its Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral, and the Independent State of Croatia, which established the new district of Sidraga-Ravni Kotari.
16.4.9.Dodecanese campaign
Was the battle between Germany and Great Britain for the control of the Italian Dodecanese after Italy's surrender on 8 September 1943.
September 1943: Battle of Rhodes.
September 1943: On the date of the armistice, the Italian command in Rhodes ordered not to initiate hostile acts against the Germans, an order which on 12 September changed into surrendering arms to the former ally. Scarpanto was occupied by German forces.
September 1943: The military vicissitudes of the island of Caso were brief: the small garrison of the Italian army (a company and a battery with 75/27 guns) and the lookout and signaling stations of the navy surrendered to the Germans on 12 September.
October 1943: Germans overrun Kos Island whic was the site of the only Allied air base in the Aegean.
October 1943: On 7 October a small group of German officers landed in Calino offering unconditional surrender which was immediately accepted.
October 1943: Between the night of 14 and 15 October, a British vessel offered to transfer the personnel of Piscopi to Castelrosso, who gladly accepted. The island was later occupied by the Wehrmacht.
October 1943: On the morning of 22 October Luftwaffe planes bombed the island of Stampalia with almost zero anti-aircraft reaction, followed by a drop of Fallschirmjäger at Maltezana simultaneously with a landing of men on the west coast. By noon the German forces were in control of the island.
November 1943: Altered by the unexpected resistance of the Anglo-Italians, General Kleemann ordered the Luftwaffe to proceed with the bombardment of the island of Simi. To avoid losing the entire garrison during another battle, on the night of 11 October Corradini and Lapraik gave the order to evacuate the island and head towards Castelrosso. The German pilots, unaware of all this, continued to hit the island until November 2, when troops landed on the island and realized what had happened.
November 1943: The Germans complete the occupation of the Island of Leros.
November 1943: When the Anglo-Italian garrison of Leros was defeated on 17 November 1943, the men on Patmos embarked for the coast of Turkey and were subsequently interned.
16.4.10.German Invasion of Montenegro
After the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, German forces invaded Montenegro.
September 1943: Montenegro was occupied by German forces in September 1943, after the Armistice of Cassibile in which the Kingdom of Italy capitulated and joined the Allies.
16.5.World War II (Italian Front)
Was the Italian Front of World War II.
16.5.1.Allied invasion of Sicily
Was a major campaign of World War II in which the Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis powers.
July 1943: Main invasion forces of U.S. Seventh and British Eighth Armies, with
close support of Royal and U.S. Navies and Allied aircraft, land on the southeastern coast of Sicily on broad front from Licata to Syracuse 02:45 and 06:00.
July 1943: The Allied invasion of Sicily continues. British and American forces make contact at Ragusa. Canicatti, Modica, Palazzolo, Sortini, and Scicli are taken by Allied forces.
July 1943: By July 15th British and American forces continue to advance in Sicily and take Mazzarino and Niscemi, Butera, the Biscari Airfield, Grammichele and Caltagirone.
July 1943: Allied forces secure the Salso and Simeto rivers. The U.S. Seventh Army is directed to cut northern coastal road after capture of Petralia. U.S. forces reach a line across Sicily from Campofelice to Agrigento. American forces take Fiume dell Canno, Raffadali, San Cataldo, Caltanissetta. British forces approach Catania.
July 1943: Anglo-American forces take Corleone.
July 1943: The U.S. Seventh Army takes Palermo.
July 1943: The Allied invasion of Sicily continues toward the northern coast of the Island, taking Bompietro.
July 1943: American forces occupy the areas of Trapani and Marsala.
July 1943: Allied forces occupy Santo Stefano.
August 1943: The Allied forces continue to advance in Sicily, reaching Naso, Capo D'Orlando, and Bronte.
August 1943: Allied advance up to Brolo.
August 1943: The Allied forces continue to advance in Sicily, reaching Barcellona and Montalbano.
August 1943: The Allied forces continue to advance in Sicily, reaching Spadafora, Randazzo, Linguaglossa. British forces size Taormina.
August 1943: American forces enter Messina at 10:00, soon joined by British forces. The campaign is concluded and Sicily is occupied by Allied forces.
16.5.2.Italian Campaign (World War II)
Was the military operation of the Allies to free italy from the forces of Germany and its puppet state, the Italian Social Republic.
September 1943: With the Armistice of Cassabile, having the Kingdom of Italy switched side, the allied controlled territories in Italy are now considered Kingdom of Italy.
October 1943: In the night between 2 and 3 October 1943 groups of British commandos arriving by sea at Termoli occupied both the port and the town.
October 1943: The German troops resisted as per Albert Kesselring's order, until 16 October, and then began to withdraw slowly from the Barbara Line, in order to buy time for the conclusion of the work on the Gustav Line.
November 1943: The German forces, led by Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, were pressured by the Allies to abandon the Barbara Line in Italy. They retreated to the Bernhardt Line.
November 1943: By mid-November, the Allies had reached Sangro, in front of the Gustav Line.
December 1943: The main American attack began on 8 December: after days of bloody fighting in the mountains, the Germans had to evacuate Monte Lungo.
December 1943: Battle of Montelungo. By December 16th Mignano Monte Lungo is cleared by the U.S. Fifth Army.
December 1943: Allied conquest of San Pietro.
December 1943: Germans are cleared from Ortona by British forces.
January 1944: The Bernhardt Line underwent the first attacks by the US 5th Army starting on November 5, 1943, while the fight lasted until late December, when it was conquered.
May 1944: Allied forces conquer Mount Maio and the town of Castelforte, as well as Monte Girofano and Monte Feuci.
May 1944: In Italy, the Germans retreated to the Hitler line.
May 1944: On 22 May the II Army Corps had reached Terracina in the coastal sector.
May 1944: U.S. operations At Anzio And Cassino, 11-30 May 1944.
May 1944: The French conquered the Ausoni mountains.
June 1944: Allied forces take Rome.
June 1944: Some garrisons had also remained in Orsogna, which was only liberated on 8 June 1944 by the paratroopers of the Nembo belonging to the Italian Liberation Corps (C.I.L.) after the breakthrough of the Gustav Line at Cassino.
June 1944: Allied offensive to liberate Italy up to the river Arno (1944).
July 1944: Allied offensive to liberate Italy up to the river Arno (1944).
July 1944: By July 3rd, Allied forces reach Siena, which falls to 3rd Algerian Division.
July 1944: Allied forces break through to Ancona on Adriatic coast.
July 1944: Leghorn falls to American 34th Division without serious opposition, but retreating Germans have carried out a thorough demolition program within the city and on harbor facilities.
August 1944: Allied offensive to liberate Italy up to the river Arno (1944).
August 1944: The Allies crossed the Arno at Pontassieve and entered Florence.
August 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline during the allied offensive in Italy.
September 1944: Lucca was liberated on 5 September.
September 1944: Allied conquest of Pistoia.
September 1944: Battle of Gemmano.
September 1944: Battle of Rimini.
December 1944: Faenza area cleared by the Allied forces.
December 1944: Battle of Garfagnana.
December 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline during the allied offensive in Italy.
16.5.2.1.Allied Invasion of Southern italy
Was an Allied amphibious landing on the mainland of Italy, part of the Allied invasion of Italy.
September 1943: Allied forces land on Calabrian coast between Reggio and Villa S. Giovanni at 04:30. Against token resistance from Italians, Allied forces quickly seize Reggio Calabria.
September 1943: The Allied advances in Italy reach the Volturno River.
September 1943: Allied armies reunited near Vallo della Lucania.
September 1943: In Apulia, the British paratroopers occupied the Gioia del Colle airport.
September 1943: Operation Avalanche was part of the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II. It began on September 9, 1943, with the landing at Salerno.
September 1943: British forces occupy Foggia, which was abandoned by German forces.
16.5.2.2.Free France conquest of Corsica
Was the liberation of Corsica from Axis forces.
September 1943: Sardinia surrenders without a shot to small Allied party. Axis forces had already retired to neighboring islands.
16.5.2.3.Battle of Anzio
Was a battle of the Italian Campaign of World War II.
January 1944: Landing of the VI Army Corps at Anzio and Nettuno on 22 January 1944. British and American forces advance several miles inland.
January 1944: U.S. operations At Anzio And Cassino, 11-30 May 1944.
February 1944: After heavy fighting and heavy losses on both sides, the Germans managed to recapture Aprilia on 9 February.
February 1944: U.S. operations At Anzio And Cassino, 11-30 May 1944.
16.5.2.4.Spring 1945 offensive in Italy
Was the final Allied attack during the Italian Campaign in the final stages of the Second World War.
April 1945: Allied spring offensive in northern Italy (April-May 1945).
April 1945: Battle of Bologna. The city is liberated by Allied forces.
April 1945: US armored forces headed for Milan on 29 April.
April 1945: In the Truscott sector, La Spezia and Genoa were reached by allied troops.
May 1945: The surrender of Caserta was the formal and final act which sanctioned the end of the Italian campaign and the definitive defeat of the Nazi-fascist forces in the peninsula during the Second World War. The act was signed by Representatives of
German General Vietinghoff and became operational starting from 2 May.
May 1945: Allied spring offensive in northern Italy (April-May 1945).
16.5.3.Operation Achse
German operation to forcibly disarm the Italian armed forces after Italy's armistice with the Allies on 3 September 1943.
September 1943: In Piedmont the Germans quickly neutralized the Italian units present.
September 1943: In Crete the Italians were neutralized and disarmed by the German forces present on the island.
September 1943: Between Emilia and lower Lombardy, the units of the 1. SS-Panzer-Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler moved at midnight on 8 September towards the cities of Parma, Cremona, Reggio Emilia, Piacenza, Modena, where they easily overcame the sporadic resistance of some Italian departments.
September 1943: The army headquarters in Potenza was attacked by surprise and conquered by the Germans.
September 1943: The Italian departments rapidly disintegrated in Trentino-Alto Adige, despite the construction of the Alpine Wall in Alto Adige: by 9 September the two Alpine divisions of the 35th Army Corps of General Alessandro Gloria were immediately attacked and disarmed by the Germans.
September 1943: Leghorn (Italian: Livorno) was occupied on 10 September by German forces.
September 1943: After the armistice of italy, Germany occupied most of the country, including Rome.
September 1943: In central Italy north of Rome, the Italian 5th Army under the command of General Mario Caracciolo di Feroleto, based in Orte, disbanded on 11 September, the soldiers were disarmed and interned by the Germans.
September 1943: In Liguria, by 11 September, German troops of the 87th Army Corps (76th and 94th Infantry Division) and the 51st Army Corps (65th and 305th Infantry Division) occupied all positions.
September 1943: General Chiappa Armellini let the Germans enter Florence, Colonel Chiari in Arezzo, Colonel Laurei in Massa, and they yielded to the ex-allies without putting up any resistance.
September 1943: German Army Group B occupied all of central-northern Italy.
September 1943: After a series of very bitter clashes, the Germans went on the offensive on 21st September and forced the Italians of Cefalonia to surrender at 11:00 on 22nd September.
September 1943: Corfu Surrenders to German force that has recently landed there.
16.5.4.War in the German Operational Zones of northern Italy
Were the events in the operational zones created by Germany in northern Italy during World War II.
September 1943: The Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral was established during the second part of World War II, in September 1943. It was a territory in Italy controlled directly by Nazi Germany.
September 1943: The Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills was established by the occupying German Wehrmacht, as a response to the Allied Armistice with Italy.
January 1946: The provinces of Trento and Belluno were returned to the Italian government on New Year's Eve 1946.
16.5.5.Four Days of Naples
Was an uprising in Naples, Italy, against Nazi German occupation forces from September 27 to September 30, 1943, immediately prior to the arrival of Allied forces in the city.
September 1943: The Four Days of Naples were a historic episode of popular insurrection that took place during the Second World War, between 27 and 30 September 1943. During the insurrection, civilians, with the contribution of soldiers loyal to the Southern Kingdom, managed to free the city of Naples from the occupation of the Wehrmacht forces.
16.6.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
16.6.1.Border changes of Italy after World War II
Border changes of Italy in the aftermath of World War II.
October 1947: Transfer to France of Briga and Tenda, and minor revisions of the Franco-Italian border.
October 1954: On 5 October 1954, the London Memorandum was signed in the British capital by ministers of the United States, United Kingdom, Italy, and Yugoslavia. It gave the former Zone A with Trieste to Italy for ordinary civil administration, and Zone B, which had already had a communist government since 1947, to Yugoslavia. In addition, Yugoslavia was given several villages in the municipality of Muggia that had been part of Zone A: Plavje, Spodnje Škofije, Elerji, Hrvatini, Kolomban, Cerej, Premančan, and Barizoni.
November 1869: The first Italian establishment in the area was the purchase of Assab by the Rubattino Shipping Company.
March 1882: The Italian government bought the possession of Assab.
January 1886: With the help of the British, the city of Massawa came under Italian control and became part of Italy's colony of Eritrea in 1885.
February 1889: It was incorporated into Italian Somaliland. In November of the same year, Italy proclaimed a protectorate over the stretches of coast between Uarsceik, Mogadishu, Merca and Brava.
February 1889: In late 1888, Sultan Kenadid entered into a treaty with the Italians, making his realm an Italian protectorate. His rival Boqor Osman would sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the following year.
April 1889: In late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with Italy, making his kingdom a protectorate known as Italian Somaliland.
May 1889: Between February and April 1889, the two sultans (Yusuf Ali Kenadid of Obbia and Osman Mahamuud of Migiurtinia) signed protectorate treaties with Italy, while a naval expedition of the Regia Marina proceeded to occupy the remaining coastal territories of Benadir .
May 1889: The Treaty of Wuchale was signed between Italy and Menelik II, the Emperor of Ethiopia. It established the borders between Italian Eritrea and the Ethiopian Empire in 1889.
August 1889: Thanks to the good offices of the government in London, on 3 August 1889 the Italians obtained the lease from the sultan of Zanzibar (soon transformed into a British protectorate) the four most important ports of the Somali region of Benadir, i.e. Brava, Merca, Uarsceik and Mogadishu, thus establishing a first presence in the area.
January 1890: Compagnia Italiana per la Somalia V. Filonardi e C. acquired territories in Somaliland.
January 1890: The new Somali possessions were entrusted to the management of private companies, first the Italian Company for Somalia V. Filonardi and C. of the consul in Zanzibar Vincenzo Filonardi.
November 1894: Geledi became a Protectorate on 3 November 1894.
January 1897: And then, after the bankruptcy of this in 1896, the Compagnia del Benadir promoted by the explorer Antonio Cecchi and made up of a consortium of Milanese entrepreneurs.
June 1899: Abbas II of Egypt and the British decided to re-establish control over Sudan. Leading a joint Egyptian-British force, Lord Kitchener led military campaigns from 1896 to 1898. In 1899, Britain and Egypt formally agreed to establish a joint protectorate: Egypt on the basis of its previous claims and Britain by right of conquest. At this point the protectorate encompassed modern-day Sudan and South Sudan as well as the Sarra triangle.
January 1901: Jubaland annexed to East Africa Protectorate.
March 1905: The "Mad Mullah" Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, declaring himself Mahdi in 1905 in the Nugaal region of Somalia, he claimed to be a messianic figure and leader of the Muslim community.
January 1906: The management of the Benadir Company, lacking the resources to start a development of the region and mainly concerned with making economic profits, proved disastrous, so that in January 1905 the Italian government directly assumed the administration of the Somali territories, founding the colony of Italian Somaliland.
January 1912: The rule of the Mahdi of Nugal is terminated by Italy.
November 1918: The Tripolitanian Republic was an Arab republic that declared the independence of Tripolitania from Italian Libya after World War I.
January 1920: Initially owned by the bishop, the island of Comacina subsequently changed hands through various owners. In 1919 it was bequeathed to King Albert I of Belgium and for a year it became an enclave under Belgian sovereignty.
January 1921: In 1920 Comacina Island was returned to the Italian state.
August 1923: An Italian general heading a commission to resolve a border dispute between Albania and Greece was murdered in Greek territory along with members of his staff. In response, Benito Mussolini issued a severe ultimatum to Greece and when it was not accepted in whole, dispatched forces to bombard and occupy Corfu. On August 31, 1923, a squadron of the Italian Navy bombarded the Greek island of Corfu and landed 5,000 to 10,000 troops.
September 1923: The Italian flag was lowered and the Italian troops evacuated Corfu.
March 1924: The Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes signed the Treaty of Rome (27 January 1924), agreeing to the annexation of Fiume by Italy and the absorption of Sušak by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; this took effect on 16 March.
January 1925: The Kingdom of Italy at the 1919 Paris "Conference of Peace" received nothing from German colonies, but as a compensation Great Britain gave it the Oltre Giuba. Italian Trans-Juba was established in 1924, after Britain ceded the northern portion of the Jubaland region to Italy.
January 1926: Giarabub was part of the Kingdom of Egypt until December 1925, when it was ceded to the Kingdom of Italy as part of the agreement to fix the Egyptian-Libyan border.
November 1926: Albania became a de facto protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy after the signing of the Treaties of Tirana of 1926 and 1927.
January 1927: The Italian Trans-Juba was absorbed into Italian Somaliland.
September 1928: Albania was declared a monarchy by the Constituent Assembly, and President Ahmet Bej Zogu was declared King Zog I. The kingdom was supported by the fascist regime in Italy, and the two countries maintained close relations.
June 1929: The Vatican City State, also known as The Vatican, became independent from Italy with the Lateran Treaty (1929).
January 1932: The Kufra district was nominally attached to British-occupied Egypt until 1925, but in fact, remained a headquarters for the Senussi resistance until conquered by the Italians in 1931.
January 1934: The Italian colonies in Lybia are merged into the colony of Italian Lybia.
January 1935: The Sarra Triangle was ceded to Italian Libya in 1934.
January 1935: After prolonged discussions through the 1920s, in 1935, under the Mussolini-Laval agreement, Italy received the Aouzou strip, which was added to Libya.
June 1936: Italian Eritrea became part of Italian East Africa on 1 June 1936.
June 1936: In 1936, Italian Somaliland was integrated into Italian East Africa as the Somalia Governorate.
June 1936: The Ethiopian territories occupied by Italy were proclaimed part of Italian East Africa (AOI) in 1936.
January 1937: The Sultanate of Aussa was incorporated into Italian East Africa in 1936.
June 1946: Following the liberation of Italy and the rise of the Italian Resistance, the country abolished their monarchy and established a democratic Republic.
April 1950: In November 1949, the United Nations finally opted to grant Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision.
July 1960: Born of the Somali Republic.
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