amalfi
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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Republic of Amalfi
Duchy of Amalfi
Establishment
September 839: On September 1, 839, Amalfi obtained administrative autonomy (although there was formal protection of Byzantium through the Duchy of Naples); it was a de facto freedom.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
The Magyars (or Hungarians) successfully conquered the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) by the end of the ninth century, and launched a number of plundering raids thoughout Europe.
January 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922.
February 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922. The territories were left after the raid.
January 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento.
February 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento. After the raid, the Hungarians left these territories.
January 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south.
February 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south. After the ride they left these territories.
January 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
February 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
Were a series of wars between the Byzantines and the Normans in southern italy and the Balkan Peninsula.
2.1.Norman conquest of southern Italy
Were a series of military campaigns by Norman forces that slowly conquered southern Italy from the Bizyntine Empire and from local Lombard rulers.
2.1.1.Norman conquest of the Duchy of Amalfi
The Duchy of Amalfi is conquered by the Normans.
January 1074: In 1073 Sergius III of Amalfi died, leaving the infant John III as his successor. Desiring protection in unstable times, the Amalfitans exiled the young duke and submitted to Robert Guiscard that year.
January 1093: From 1092 to 1097 Amalfi did not recognise its Norman suzerain.
January 1102: Marinus of Amalfi was defeated after Amalfitan noblemen defected to the Norman side and betrayed him in 1101.
January 1131: Amalfi revolted against the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130.
January 1132: The Duchy of Amalfi was subdued by the Normans in 1131.
January 840: In the 9th century, Sorrento gained its de facto independence from Naples.
January 955: The pre-ducal period of Amalfi ended in 954.
January 982: The Principality of Salerno passed to the dukes of Amalfi with Mansone.
January 984: Giovanni Lamberto is elected prince by the citizens of Salerno.
January 1040: In 1039, Guaimar, the Prince of Salerno, gained control over the Duchy of Naples, Duchy of Amalfi, and Duchy of Gaeta, which were previously under Byzantine rule.
January 1054: The Duchy of Amalfi free itself from the Prince of Salerno.
Disestablishment
January 1132: The Duchy of Amalfi was subdued by the Normans in 1131.
Selected Sources
Leyser, K. (1982): Medieval Germany and its neighbours, 900-1250, London (UK), p. 50
Makkai, L. (1990): The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the west to 955, in: A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA) p. 8-14
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, p. 543
Sugar, P. F. / Hanák, P. (1994): A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA), p. 13
Timothy R. (1995) The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume 3, c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
